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Cytat:HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, Mass. (AFNS) [June 3, 1998]
In a move that could restructure Air Force command and
control operating systems, Electronic Systems Center here
has signed a unique cooperative research and development
agreement, or CRADA, with a Microsoft Corporation team.
Cytat:| HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, Mass. (AFNS) [June 3, 1998]
| In a move that could restructure Air Force command and
| control operating systems, Electronic Systems Center here
| has signed a unique cooperative research and development
| agreement, or CRADA, with a Microsoft Corporation team.Ano, wszystko jest mozliwe. Cholera, po co my do tego NATO walimy,
najpierw Air Force a potem cale NATO Bill G. rozlozy na lopatki...--
Andrzej Bursztynski, PSE SA, My personal opinions are just mine.
strach plywac czyms takim...
wiec skoro Szwedzi dali sie juz nabrac to czemu nie Amerykancy...
Cytat:
HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, Mass. (AFNS) [June 3, 1998]
In a move that could restructure Air Force command and
control operating systems, Electronic Systems Center here
has signed a unique cooperative research and development
agreement, or CRADA, with a Microsoft Corporation team.
Bart
| sa zdjecia t90s (w dziale army)
| na zdjeciach wierzy z przodu widac po lewej ipo prawej jakies takie
dziwne z
| radiatorami co to jest
Shorta - system samoobrony. Pluje gazem i świeci wrażym ppk po oczach.
ZresztÄ… jest opisane :
The TShU-1 SHTORA-1 EOCM system is intended to provide tank protection
against command and semi-active laser-guided anti-tank/air-to-ground
missiles/artillery projectiles. It comprises Electro-Optical
Countermeasures Station and Quick-Forming Aerosol Screening System.
The EOCM station includes two IR emitters, two modulators and control
panel designed to disrupt guidance of enemy anti-tank guided missiles
with flare feedback, by confusing guidance system's coordinator.
Cytat:Shorta - system samoobrony. Pluje gazem i świeci wrażym ppk po oczach.
ZresztÄ… jest opisane :The TShU-1 SHTORA-1 EOCM system is intended to provide tank protection
against command and semi-active laser-guided anti-tank/air-to-ground
missiles/artillery projectiles. It comprises Electro-Optical
Countermeasures Station and Quick-Forming Aerosol Screening System.
The EOCM station includes two IR emitters, two modulators and control
panel designed to disrupt guidance of enemy anti-tank guided missiles
with flare feedback, by confusing guidance system's coordinator.
czy ow aerozol to normalny granat dymny jakich jest kilka z bokow wiezy?
tego konca to ja juz w ogole nie rozumie:(
pozdr
k
http://www.army-technology.com/projects/roland/index.html
MODERNISATION PROGRAMME
As part of contracts with OCCAR, the European Defense Procurement
Agency, and the French DGA, a programme to upgrade the Roland missile
system is in progress. The modernisation includes a new BBKS command
and control system and the fitting of the infrared Glaive sight from
SAGEM for automatic multi-channel target tracking. The first prototype
fire unit was completed in June 1999 and trials began in September
1999. The upgraded Roland is called Roland M3S. The second prototype
in the CAROL shelter-based configuration was completed in October
1999.
German Army Roland systems are being upgraded with new digital
computers and displays, improved missile fire control and measures to
enhance communications with the German Army air defence control system
(HFlaAFuSys). The upgraded prototype, designated Roland NDV,
successfully completed troop trials in June 2003. Series procurement
is planned from 2004.
Cytat:a ARS nie znalazłem.
Cytat:ARS replikowany z funduszy NATO (NC3A) w ramach ACCS, w Bydgoszczy ARS
Cytat:BOC has a critical role in the command and control of all activities in the base
BOC ma istotną rolę w dowodzeniu i kierowaniu całością działalności bazy
Cytat:The FSS comprises four flights, namely the Base Operations Centre (BOC), Air Traffic Control Flight (ATC), Meteorological Office (Met Office) and Airport Emergency Services (AES).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, Mass. (AFNS) [June 3, 1998]
In a move that could restructure Air Force command and
control operating systems, Electronic Systems Center here
has signed a unique cooperative research and development
agreement, or CRADA, with a Microsoft Corporation team.
The agreement will investigate the feasibility of migrating
the specific operating system, UNIX, to Microsoft Windows
New Technology, also known as Windows NT, for command and
control systems. A CRADA allows federal and nongovernment
organizations to work together on common objectives involving
the transfer of technology.
"We are interested in learning as much as we can about the
difficulty of converting from UNIX to Windows NT," said
Col. Richard F. Picanso, director of ESC Command and Control
Unified Battlespace Environment, which will manage the CRADA.
"This agreement gives the Air Force a no-risk opportunity to
test the conversion."
Many of the technologies used in the conversion will be
commercial off-the-shelf. This will create longer life cycles
for Air Force command and control systems.
"This is a perfect example of why CRADAs are useful tools
because you have a win-win collaboration between two
organizations interested in the same information," Picanso
said. "We give them the expertise on command and control
systems. From them, we learn just how difficult the project
is and we should get at least one system converted at no
cost to the government." (Courtesy of Air Force Materiel
Command News Service)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cytat:
Cytat:
0.64 -> 0.next (???) [as for r681]
GENERAL:
* move some settings to the config/settings.txt file
* partial support for new screen resolutions
* /Data and /Sprites subfolders can be used for adding files not present in .lod archives
* fixed crashbug occuring when hero levelled above 15 level
* support for non-standard screen resolutions
* F4 toggles between full-screen and windowed mode (experimental)
* minor improvements in creature card window
ADVENTURE INTERFACE:
* smooth map scrolling on hero movement
* added water animation
* speed of scrolling map and hero movement can be adjusted in the System Options
Window
* partial handling r-clicks on adventure map
TOWN INTERFACE:
* the scroll tab won't remain hanged to our mouse position if we move the mouse
away from the scroll bar
* fixed cloning creatures bug in garrisons (and related issues)
BATTLES
* support for the Wait command
* magic arrow *really* works
* war machines support partially added
* queue of stacks narrowed
* spell effect animation displaying improvements
* positive/negative spells cannot be cast on hostile/our stacks
* showing spell effects affecting stack in creature info window
* more appropriate coloring of stack amount box when stack is affected by a spell
* several reported bugs fixed
* new spells supported:
a) Haste
b) lightning bolt
c) ice bolt
d) slow
e) implosion
f) forgetfulness
g) shield
h) air shield
i) bless
j) curse
k) bloodlust
l) weakness
m) stone skin
n) prayer
o) frenzy
AI PLAYER:
* Genius AI (first VCMI AI) will control computer creatures during the combat.
OBJECTS:
* Guardians property for resources is handled
* support for Witch Hut
* support for Arena
And a lot of minor fixes
Cytat: A Note On Raiders: I feel it is prudent now to entirely kill off the notion of Raiders in the context of this mod as they have traditionally existed in the Fallout universe. There is no way in hell a bunch of drugged-up quasi-cannibal fuck-jobs would ever survive a cold northern winter, and so if indeed included in future versions of this project(being currently just a design document in potentiality), it is important to note they will indeed be a smarter, more resourceful, and more diplomatic variant of Raider and not some band of fraternity-class sociopath twits.
Cytat: http://www.earthplacemarks.com/placemark.aspx?id=1115
Located on the high-technology region of the Route 128 beltway, northwest of Boston, Hanscom is said to be the fourth largest corporate entity in Massachusetts, and is one of the Air Force's primary research and development centers for surveillance and intelligence electronics. Established on a World War Two training field by the Air Force, with scientists recruited from MIT, Hanscom is a point of origin for many command, control, communication, computer, and intelligence (called "C4I") systems. It is home to the Electronic Systems Center, which develops defense warning systems, including Cheyenne Mountain's underground NORAD control center, AWACS and Joint STARS. The Electronic Systems Center has an annual budget of around $3 billion. Also within the densely developed 846 acres of Hanscom, and related in function, is the Lincoln Lab, operated by MIT. The suburban base is staffed by about 12,000 people, most of whom are civilians.
Cytat:| i zaraz ktos wyskoczy ze francuskie to git ;
Cytat:Tyle to ja wiem, tylko nie jestem pewien czy Roland to nazwa systemu
czy pocisku.
Cytat:A co to jest Crotale?
Krótka charakterystyka systemu [sorry że po angielsku]
Matra R.440 (Crotale)
(France)
Type: ship-launched point defence surface-to-air missile
Dimensions: diameter 0,15m (5,9 in); length 2,89m (9,48 ft); span 0,54m
(21,25 in)
Weight: total round 85kg (187,4 lb)
Warhead: 15-kg (33-lb) blast fragmentation HE
Propulsion: one SNPL Lens solid-propellant rocket delivering 4850-kg
(10,962-lb) thrust
Performance: speed Mach 2,30; range limits 500/13,000m (545/14,215
yards) against helicopters and non-manoeuvring targets, or 500/8500m
(545/9,295 yards) against manoeuvring targets, or 500/5500m (545/7,110
yards) against low-altitude and sea-skimming targets; altitude limnits
15/5000m (50/16,405 ft)
Guidance: Thornson-CSF radar command with IR/radar gathering and
tracking
Variant
R.440: entering service in 1971 after development from 1954, the R~44C SAM
is
designed for use in the Cactus and Crotale land-based SAM systems, and is
designed for all-weather close-range engagement of aircraft flying atop to
Mach
l~2; the same basic missile is used in the Naval Crotale system; the missile
has
canard configuration, a powder propulsion rocket and a capable infra-red
fuse
designed to initiate warhead detonation according to inter-cept geometry
calculations or by impact; the lethal radius of the warhead is Om (26-25
ft), which
is apparently less by a considerable margin than the likely miss distance;
single-
shot kill probability is thus claimed as 80%, rising to 95% for a salvo; the
missile
accelerates to its maximum speed of Mach 2-3 in 2-3 seconds, and reaches
8000m
(8,750 yards) in 20 seconds; the naval system is designated Naval Crotale,
and uses
a four- or eight-round launcher (respectively Naval Crotale ~ or Naval
Crotale
8B) for the short-range air defence of warships against medium-altitude,
low-
altitude and sea-skimming attacks; the Naval Crotale system uses Thomson-CSF
Ku-band radar acquisition of targets out to a range of 18,OOOm (19,685
yards),
though any such threats below an altitude of 50 m (165 ft) are handled by an
electro-optical tracking system; for adverse-weather operations there is
also the
Naval Crotale ED~ system (also known as Naval Crotale ~) with SAT SEID
passive IR tracking of the target and the missile; the IR tracker has a
maximum range of 20,000 in (21.875 yards); there is also a Naval Crotale 8MS
modular system for installation on craft down to a displacement of 200 tOm
and
featuring a lightweight eight-round launcher and fire-director turret that
can also be
used for gunfire control
Cytat:A jakie pociski (mniej wiecej wymiary, masa i osiagi) ma Roland?
Cytat:Poza tym wydawalo mi sie ze Roland
byl pociskiem naprowadzanym w wiazce radarowej.
zdrówko
r.z.
---------------------------------------
Żegnam ozięble, z domieszką ironii ;)
Icek: 22797583
----------------------------------------
Cytat:O a to ciekawe... mozesz podac troche wiecej szczegolow? Chodzi mi tu
glownie
o aspekt finansowy sprzedazy. Bardzo fajnie, ze udalo sie znalezc tak w
sumie szybko
klienta na wycofywane Suszki i podlegajace redukcji czolgi.
cała notka przekopiowana z innego forum:
"
JANE'S DEFENCE WEEKLY - MARCH 02, 2005
Vietnam's $150m deal with Poland
GRZEGORZ HOLDANOWICZ JDW Correspondent
Warsaw
Polish export company Profus Management will supply Vietnam with aircraft, defence
electronics and tanks, including ammunition and spare parts, under a contract which could
eventually be worth more than $150 million.
The first shipments are planned for the third quarter of 2005.
Vietnam has also confirmed the purchase of a further 10 Polskie Zaklady Lotnicze (PZL) M28
Skytruck maritime surveillance aircraft worth at least $40 million. Deliveries will
commence by mid-2007. The two Skytrucks of a previous order were delivered to 918th Air
Transport Regiment at Hanoi Gia Lam airfield in January.
Eight Przemyslowy Instytut Telekomunik-acji (PIT) MSC-400 maritime surveillance systems
with PIT ASR-400 radars and PIT CCS-400 onboard command-and- control modules will be
supplied to Vietnam, said Polish sources.
Datalinks for the Skytrucks will also be supplied as well as an undisclosed number of
ground control stations. The total value of this PIT contract, which should be finalised
shortly, has not been disclosed but it is believed to exceed $20 million. The system
should allow Vietnam to create a modern maritime control system along its 2,000 km coast.
Vietnamese sources said the selection of the maritime surveillance system is ongoing.
The Vietnamese People's Army Air Force will also receive four PZL Swidnik W-3RM Anakonda
maritime search-and-rescue helicopters by 2007. These will be equipped with systems
similar to those used on the Polish Navy's Anakondas, including Wescam's forward-looking
infra-red turrets. A further four PZL Sokol helicopters, in passenger or VIP
configuration, are being negotiated.
By the end of 2005, Profus Management will deliver 40 second- hand airworthy Su-22M4
fighter-bomber aircraft with necessary spare parts and weapons.
These will probably come from the Polish Air Force inventory but could be from other East
European countries. In the same timeframe, the Vietnamese People's Army is to receive its
first T-72 main battle tanks together with training and basic maintenance equipment as
well as ammunition. The shipment of 150 second-hand tanks, again probably from Poland's
stocks, should begin as early as the third quarter of 2005."
pozdr
Cytat:
A wlasnie wpadlo mi pytanie dot. AC-130 "Spectre".
Jakie systemy celowania wspolpracuja z dzialem? Strzelalem
parenascie razy z lecacego smiglowca z PK i tak jak pokazuja to
statystyki z Wietnamu - trafiac jest ciezko. Nie wyobrazam sobie
jak w zwiazku z tym wyglada skutecznosc ostrzalu z takiego
kalibru (a, i jeszcze jaka jest szybkostrzelnosc tego dziala?)
-----------------------------------------------
Michal "Chmiel" Chmielarz
10.bdsz 6.BDSz
http://airborne.topnet.pl
Wiecej pod http://www.theaviationzone.com/facts/ac130.htm.
SW
AC-130U 'Spooky II'
======================
The AC-130U, commonly referred to as "U-Boat", is the most complex
aircraft weapons system in the world today. It has more than 609,000
lines of software code in its mission computers and avionics systems.
The newest addition to the command fleet, it is the latest in a long
line of heavily-armed, side-firing gunships and is named "Spooky II"
in honor of the first gunship model, the AC-47D. All other AC-130s are
referred to as "Spectre". The prototype AC-130U (#87-0128) made its
first flight on 20 December 1990. The initial flight test period
lasted through 21 December 1991 and consisted of 48 test flights, a
total of 165 hours.
The "Spooky II" gunship program consists of 13 new Lockheed C-130H
airframes modified by Boeing with improved armament, advanced sensors,
a Hughes APG-180 fire control radar system, GPS, the ALQ-172
Electronic Countermeasure System, an ALR-56M radar warning receiver,
an APR-46A panoramic receiver, and an AAR-44 infrared warning receiver
integrated with a series of ALE-40 chaff & flare dispensers. The
modifications allow the aircraft to perform the full range of special
operations and conventional gunship missions, at night and in adverse
weather. These aircraft also have the capability to loiter for long
periods over targets, while providing precision fire support.
A multi-mode strike radar provides extreme long-range target detection
and identification. It is able to track 40mm and 105mm projectiles and
return pinpoint impact locations to the crew for subsequent adjustment
to the target. The fire control system offers a Dual Target Attack
capability, whereby two targets up to one kilometer apart can be
simultaneously engaged by two different sensors, using two different
guns. No other air-ground attack platform in the world offers this
capability.
Targeting equipment installed in the gunship includes an advanced
All-Light Level Television (ALLTV) system with a laser illuminator,
laser target designator, laser range finder, infrared detection set,
and night vision goggles for the pilots. Navigational devices include
the inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system
(GPS).
The side-firing weapons array consists of one 25mm GAU-12 Gatling gun
(firing 1,800 rounds per minute), one 40mm L60 Bofors cannon (with a
selectable firing rate of single shot or 120 rounds per minute) and
one 105mm M-102 Howitzer cannon (firing 6 to 10 rounds per minute).
Defensive systems include a countermeasures dispensing system that
releases chaff and flares to counter radar infrared-guided
antiaircraft missiles. Also, infrared heat shields mounted underneath
the engines disperse and hide engine heat sources from infrared-guided
antiaircraft missiles.
The AC-130U is pressurized, enabling it to fly at higher altitudes,
saving fuel and time, and allowing for greater range than the AC-130H.
An inflight refueling capability is also provided.
All AC-130Us are currently assigned to the Air Force Special
Operations Command (AFSOC) and serve with the 4th SOS, part of the
16th SOW, at Hurlburt Field, Florida
Cytat:What was going on? There were very strict rules of engagement in the no-fly zones. The allied pilots were authorised to fire missiles at any Iraqi air defence weapon or radar that fired at them or locked on to their aircraft. As was noted in Foreign Office legal advice appended to the July 2002 briefing paper, they were only "entitled to use force in self-defence where such a use of force is a necessary and proportionate response to actual or imminent attack from Iraqi ground systems".
That May, however, Donald Rumsfeld had ordered a more aggressive approach, authorising allied aircraft to attack Iraqi command and control centres as well as actual air defences. The US defence secretary later said this was simply to prevent the Iraqis attacking allied aircraft, but Hoon's remark gives the game away. In reality, as he explained, the "spikes of activity" were designed "to put pressure on the regime".
What happened next was dramatic. In September, the amount of ordnance used in the southern no-fly zone increased sharply to 54.6 tonnes. It declined in October to 17.7 tonnes before rising again to 33.6 tonnes in November and 53.2 tonnes in December. The spikes were getting taller and taller.
In fact, as it became clear that Saddam Hussein would not provide them with the justification they needed to launch the air war, we can see that the allies simply launched it anyway, beneath the cloak of the no-fly zone.
In the early hours of 5 September, for example, more than a hundred allied aircraft attacked the H-3 airfield, the main air defence site in western Iraq. Located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shias, it was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected.
War Plan for Iraq Largely in Place
Quick, Simultaneous Attacks on Ground and From Air Envisioned
By Thomas E. Ricks
Washington Post Staff Writer
Sunday, March 2, 2003; Page A01
Army Gen. Tommy R. Franks, the chief of U.S. military operations in
the Middle East, sat down in the Persian Gulf state of Qatar last week
and reviewed the plan with his top Army, Navy, Marine, Air Force and
Special Operations commanders. The conclusion of the top secret
session, said a U.S. official based in the region, was that everything
is ready once President Bush gives the order.
[...]
The framework that has emerged calls for a war that would be
remarkably different from anything the U.S. military has done. It aims
to combine the armored fist of the tank-heavy 1991 Persian Gulf War
with the speed of the overnight 1989 U.S. takeover of Panama and the
precision bombing of the 2001 U.S. campaign in Afghanistan.
One sign of the innovative nature of the plan is that, without
much public notice, its first phase is already underway. Special
Operations troops are executing missions inside Iraq to prepare the
way for later attacks. U.S. and British warplanes ostensibly enforcing
the "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq have increased the
number and intensity of airstrikes, and recently expanded their list
of targets to include Iraqi surface-to-surface missiles. They were
attacked, defense officials said, not because they were in the
"no-fly" zones and threatened U.S. aircraft but because they were in
range of U.S. troops mustering just over the border in Kuwait.
"We've already got a lot of stuff underway -- the air campaign,
psychological operations, Special Ops," said Robert Andrews, a former
Pentagon official who oversaw Special Operations activities.
The formal onset of the war, if Bush gives the go-ahead, is
expected to begin with three nearly simultaneous moves. That is
a sharp contrast to the sequential nature of the Gulf War, in which
the ground war only began after five weeks of bombing.
On the ground, tanks, Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Apache
attack helicopters will charge north into Iraq from Kuwait. Most
Army units will be on the west, heading northward toward the Euphrates
River, while the Marine Corps and British forces will jump off farther
to the east and move up alongside Iraq's southern marshes around the
southern city of Basra.
In the north, the U.S. military also plans to launch some kind
of offensive, though the continued foot-dragging by the Turkish
government could impede the execution of the attack envisioned by the
plan. Planners think the minimum U.S. force needed in the north to
create a second front is about one division, plus some specialized
reinforcements, for a total of about 20,000 troops. While some troops
and gear can be flown into airstrips in Kurdish areas in the north,
getting a force that size into Iraq by air would be a logistical
nightmare.
[...]
The pace of Special Operations forces will also be stepped up.
Their main focus will be denying Iraqi forces access to certain
chemical and biological weapons sites that cannot be bombed for fear
of setting up toxic plumes, according to people familiar with their
missions and training. Preventing Iraq from launching drones or
missiles against Israel will be another major focus of Special
Operations troops and other units. Some Special Operations personnel
may be ordered to protect key points in Iraq's oil fields to prevent
any Iraqi attempt to set them afire.
At the same time, the air campaign will begin with a thunderous
volley of strikes by aircraft and missiles. These will be aimed first
at eliminating Iraq's antiaircraft emplacements, which have been
concentrated around Baghdad, and also at hitting military
communications systems and presidential palaces. Pentagon sources said
they expect that more targets will be struck in Baghdad on the first
night of the campaign than were hit in the Iraqi capital during the
entire Gulf War, when about 330 bombs and missiles hit the city. In
contrast to the 1991 war, when nine out of 10 bombs were unguided
"dumb" bombs, nine out of 10 to be used in the new campaign would be
precision-guided munitions.
Paradoxically, the air campaign promises to be as narrowly aimed
as it is ferocious. Most of the airstrikes will focus on "regime
change targets -- weapons of mass destruction, command and control,
and palaces," said retired Air Force Lt. Gen. Thomas McInerney.
Infrastructure such as electrical plants will not be hit, said people
familiar with the planning.
A major reason is that the Bush administration is already making
plans to oversee Iraq's reconstruction if President Saddam Hussein and
his government are removed. Unlike in the Gulf War, said former Navy
secretary Richard Danzig, "[w]e know we have to repair whatever we
bomb."
The war plan even calls for sparing the Iraqi military, if it
doesn't fight. Some leaflets being dropped by U.S. planes on Iraqi
military installations urge troops, "Leave now and go home -- Watch
your children learn, grow and prosper." Others dropped yesterday
warned against using chemical or biological weapons, asserting, under
an image of a satellite, "We can see everything. . . . Unit commanders
will be held accountable for non-compliance." Bush has vowed to
prosecute Iraqi leaders for possible war crimes if they use weapons of
mass destruction.
Other military leaflets and radio broadcasts are telling
civilians that they will not be targeted.
[...]
With the bombing of Baghdad in full force, thousands of U.S.
tanks and trucks will race toward the capital from Kuwait and Turkey.
Military experts said they do not expect much fighting along the way.
"I'm fairly confident they [U.S. forces] won't encounter much
resistance" until they reach the outskirts of the capital, said
Michael Vickers, a former Army officer who now frequently consults
with the Pentagon.
One reason for that optimism is that Iraqi forces learned during
the Gulf War that if they mass in the desert, they make a fat target
for U.S. bombers. Yet if they spread out, they can be easily
overwhelmed by U.S. ground and air attacks in which they would be
heavily outgunned and outnumbered.
The major war event in the south, said several people briefed on
the plan, is likely to be a no-holds-barred assault on the Republican
Guard division based in southern Iraq. That unit will be given a
chance to surrender, but if it tries to fight, it will be hit with a
barrage of bombs and missiles, followed by an artillery shelling and a
tank attack.
"They want to make an object lesson" of a major Iraqi unit, said
one of the people familiar with this aspect of the plan. "There's an
attitude that if there is a division that wants to fight, they will
wipe it from the face of the Earth, and just make it a crushing
lesson." The thinking behind this, he said, is "hit them hard, let
that be an example and encourage the rest to stay in their barracks."
While such a pounding at the outset of the war may evoke
memories of the "Highway of Death," the carnage of bombed Iraqi units
as they fled north from Kuwait at the end of the Gulf War, those
familiar with this aspect of the plan said Franks and his commanders
are determined to get the fighting over with as quickly as possible.
"There will be a very high premium on a very quick resolution, even if
it gets a bit bloody," said one person involved in high-level Pentagon
reviews of some aspects of the war plan. "That works a lot better than
a long period of even small violence to noncombatants."
As U.S. forces move toward Baghdad, noted retired Marine Lt.
Gen. Paul Van Riper, the major issue confronting them may be
logistical. U.S. armored units require tens of thousands of gallons of
fuel and water daily.
[...]
While the Army and some Marines will move north, the British
will split off to occupy Basra and the oil fields near it, said people
familiar with the plan.
Although there remains considerable concern about the prospect
of U.S. forces getting bogged down in urban warfare in Baghdad, even
here there is surprising optimism among military officials and
analysts. Some think the Iraqi government will fall well before U.S.
forces reach the capital.
Even if there is some organized resistance in the capital, said
Anderson, it isn't likely to be effective. If Iraqi forces seek to
survive by dispersing in the city, they will be able to inflict
casualties by sniping but won't be able to stop U.S. military
progress, he said. And if they mass in buildings, the buildings will
be destroyed.
Said McInerney: "There isn't going to be a large urban battle."
Work on the 96L6 began in the second half of the 1980s, when Boris Vasilyevics
Bunkin, the general designer of CKB Almaz defined the requirements for a
surveillance radar to form part of the new S-400 missile system. The design of
the new radar was assigned to the Lira design bureau, which is a part of LEMZ -
the Lianozovskiz Elektromekhanicseskij Zavod (Lianozovo Elektromechanical
Factory). Lira and LEMZ are part of the financial-industrial group
Oboronitelniye Sistemi (Defence Systems).
During the development and trials stage OKR (Opitno-Konstruktorskaya Rabota) of
the programme, the new radar was designated VVO (Vsevisotniy Obnaruzhitel =
detector for all altitudes).
The requirements for the VVO were very rigorous. The team headed by the late
main designer Yuriy Fyodorovics Lisin based its design on research by Professor
VI Vinokurov into the detection of difficult signals.
Another organisation involved with the development programme was the scientific
research experimental establishment (Naucsno-Issledovatelskaya
Eksperimentalnaya Rabota) Slozhnost (Complexity), whose general designers are
BV Bunkin and Yuriy Aleksandrovics Kuznecov.
An experimental radar was built and tested in a series of trials against Yak-52
training aircraft. Specialists from other Russian radar establishments such as
LETI, NII-2 MO, NII-3 MO, UPI, CNIIRES and VNIIRT participated in the trials,
and the resulting data influenced the future development of radar technology in
what was then the Soviet Union.
In 1988, representatives of the main developing organisation and the customer
signed agreement giving the go-ahead for wideband radar technology, based on
this earlier research to be used in the VVO programme. As a result of
theoretical and experimental research, a database of difficult signals was
developed, along with signal processing hardware with a speed of 10 billion
operations per second, plus other components.
In 1991, the Lira design bureau built a prototype of the VVO radar. This
started operation in early 1992, and in April of that year was demonstrated
against low-altitude targets. Later that year systems were delivered for trials
at the training centre of NII-2, the scientific research institute of the
Russian air-defence forces. The system was displayed in model form at the MAKS
97 defence exhibition.
When the system enters service it will replace the 5N66M and 76N6 (NVO/NVO-M)
radars currently used for the detection of low-flying targets. (The 76N6 is
known to NATO as 'Clam Shell'.) Both had been developed in the early 1970s by
the design bureau of the LEMZ factory. Later the 96L6 will replace the
19Zh6/35D6/36D6 family (ST-68U/-68UM) of all-round surveillance radars, which
were developed and produced in Ukraine by NPO Iskra.
The role of the 96L6 is the detection of air targets and measuring of their
azimuth, elevation and range. It can be used with the S-300PMU surface-to-air
(SAM) system, can autonomously assign targets for the 90Zh6E, 90Zh6E1 and
90Zh6E2 (S-300PMU-1 and later) air-defence missile complexes, and can be
connected with the Baykal-1E and Senezh-M1E automated command and control
systems or the radiotechnical forces' Osnova-1E and Polye-E command posts.
It can pass information about a wide spectrum of the aerial targets, including
aircraft, helicopters, UAVs and missiles, to the 30N6E, 30N6E1, 30N6E2 ('Flap
Lid') series of tracking and missile guidance radars.
The 96L6 is very effective against low flying targets and against targets in
the medium and high altitudes. It maintains its performance in the presence of
heavy jamming, and has a very low false-alarm rate.
Targets can be tracked at elevations from 60? down to 0?, but a minimum of -3?
is available as an option. The antenna uses several beams when scanning in
elevation. For detection of very low flying targets, or if the radar is
deployed in a wooded area, the antenna can be mounted on a 966AA14 elevated
tower. The latter consists of a 40V6M tower mounted on a MAZ-537G (74106)
truck.
There are two versions of the 96L6 - one which is installed on a single
vehicle, and another which uses two vehicles.
The single-vehicle variant consists of:
• a 966AA01 antenna array;
• a 966FF03 shelter which houses the receiving, transmitting and information-
processing subsystems, an operator console, communication and IFF systems and a
ZIP-O repair set;
• a TM966 vehicle based on a Type 7930 Astrolog wheeled chassis with a SEP-2L
generator and power-distribution system; and
• a set of cables.
The two-vehicle version consists of:
• a truck and trailer-mounted 966AA00 antenna set incorporating the 966AA01
antenna, an SES-75, SES-75M or equivalent model of electrical generator and
power-distribution system, plus cables; and
• a truck and trailer-mounted 966FF00 installation incorporating the 966FF03
shelter and SES-75/-75M electrical system.
The two vehicles can be deployed up to 100m apart.
Operating frequency C-band (4-6GHz)
Range 5-300km
Maximum target elevation up to 60?
Maximum number of tracks up to 100 targets
Time from target detection to availability of target data:
- For elevations under 1.5? 12s
- For elevations over 1.5? 21s
Maximum number of the false target co-ordinates in 30min no more than 3-5
Crew 3
All-round search performance
Azimuth 360?
Elevation 0-20? (-3? if required)
Doppler speed range ?30 to ?1,200m/s
Information update rate:
- in the low zone (0-1.5?) 6s
- in the upper zone (1.5-20?) 12s
Sector search
Azimuth up to 120?
Elevation 0-60? (-3? if required)
Doppler speed range ?50 to ?2,800m/s
Time taken: sector search up to 8s
Time taken: lower sector search 5.5s
Time taken: full search cycle 13.5s
Low-altitude target search
Azimuth 360?
Elevation 0-1.5?
Doppler speed range ?30 to ?1,200m/s
Search time 6s
Deployment time from the move 5min (single-vehicle) 30min (two-vehicle)
Time needed to install antenna on the tower 120min
Activation time when in combat position no more than 3 min
Activation time when alerted no more than 40s
Continuous operating time no limits
Operating environment
Temperature ?50?C
Dust up to 2.5g/m_
Wind up to 30m/s
Resistance to being over-turned by wind up to 50m/s
Operating altitude up to 3,000m
Service life before overhaul 10 years
Operating hours before overhaul 12,000h
Total service life 20+ years
Total operating hours 25,000-30,000h
Cytat:Russia displayed the 96L6 surveillance radar for the S-400 missile system
at
the MAKS 2001 defence exhibition at Zhukovsky near Moscow, writes Miroslav
Gy?
It operates in C-band, and the manufacturers say it can detect and track
aircraft and cruise missiles which use stealth technology.Work on the 96L6 began in the second half of the 1980s, when Boris
Vasilyevics
Bunkin, the general designer of CKB Almaz defined the requirements for a
surveillance radar to form part of the new S-400 missile system. The
design of
the new radar was assigned to the Lira design bureau, which is a part of
LEMZ -
the Lianozovskiz Elektromekhanicseskij Zavod (Lianozovo Elektromechanical
Factory). Lira and LEMZ are part of the financial-industrial group
Oboronitelniye Sistemi (Defence Systems).During the development and trials stage OKR (Opitno-Konstruktorskaya
Rabota) of
the programme, the new radar was designated VVO (Vsevisotniy Obnaruzhitel
=
detector for all altitudes).The requirements for the VVO were very rigorous. The team headed by the
late
main designer Yuriy Fyodorovics Lisin based its design on research by
Professor
VI Vinokurov into the detection of difficult signals.Another organisation involved with the development programme was the
scientific
research experimental establishment (Naucsno-Issledovatelskaya
Eksperimentalnaya Rabota) Slozhnost (Complexity), whose general designers
are
BV Bunkin and Yuriy Aleksandrovics Kuznecov.An experimental radar was built and tested in a series of trials against
Yak-52
training aircraft. Specialists from other Russian radar establishments
such as
LETI, NII-2 MO, NII-3 MO, UPI, CNIIRES and VNIIRT participated in the
trials,
and the resulting data influenced the future development of radar
technology in
what was then the Soviet Union.In 1988, representatives of the main developing organisation and the
customer
signed agreement giving the go-ahead for wideband radar technology, based
on
this earlier research to be used in the VVO programme. As a result of
theoretical and experimental research, a database of difficult signals was
developed, along with signal processing hardware with a speed of 10
billion
operations per second, plus other components.In 1991, the Lira design bureau built a prototype of the VVO radar. This
started operation in early 1992, and in April of that year was
demonstrated
against low-altitude targets. Later that year systems were delivered for
trials
at the training centre of NII-2, the scientific research institute of the
Russian air-defence forces. The system was displayed in model form at the
MAKS
97 defence exhibition.When the system enters service it will replace the 5N66M and 76N6
(NVO/NVO-M)
radars currently used for the detection of low-flying targets. (The 76N6
is
known to NATO as 'Clam Shell'.) Both had been developed in the early 1970s
by
the design bureau of the LEMZ factory. Later the 96L6 will replace the
19Zh6/35D6/36D6 family (ST-68U/-68UM) of all-round surveillance radars,
which
were developed and produced in Ukraine by NPO Iskra.The role of the 96L6 is the detection of air targets and measuring of
their
azimuth, elevation and range. It can be used with the S-300PMU
surface-to-air
(SAM) system, can autonomously assign targets for the 90Zh6E, 90Zh6E1 and
90Zh6E2 (S-300PMU-1 and later) air-defence missile complexes, and can be
connected with the Baykal-1E and Senezh-M1E automated command and control
systems or the radiotechnical forces' Osnova-1E and Polye-E command posts.It can pass information about a wide spectrum of the aerial targets,
including
aircraft, helicopters, UAVs and missiles, to the 30N6E, 30N6E1, 30N6E2
('Flap
Lid') series of tracking and missile guidance radars.The 96L6 is very effective against low flying targets and against targets
in
the medium and high altitudes. It maintains its performance in the
presence of
heavy jamming, and has a very low false-alarm rate.Targets can be tracked at elevations from 60? down to 0?, but a minimum
of -3?
is available as an option. The antenna uses several beams when scanning in
elevation. For detection of very low flying targets, or if the radar is
deployed in a wooded area, the antenna can be mounted on a 966AA14
elevated
tower. The latter consists of a 40V6M tower mounted on a MAZ-537G (74106)
truck.There are two versions of the 96L6 - one which is installed on a single
vehicle, and another which uses two vehicles.The single-vehicle variant consists of:
• a 966AA01 antenna array;
• a 966FF03 shelter which houses the receiving, transmitting and
information-
processing subsystems, an operator console, communication and IFF systems
and a
ZIP-O repair set;• a TM966 vehicle based on a Type 7930 Astrolog wheeled chassis with
a SEP-2L
generator and power-distribution system; and• a set of cables.
The two-vehicle version consists of:
• a truck and trailer-mounted 966AA00 antenna set incorporating the
966AA01
antenna, an SES-75, SES-75M or equivalent model of electrical generator
and
power-distribution system, plus cables; and• a truck and trailer-mounted 966FF00 installation incorporating the
966FF03
shelter and SES-75/-75M electrical system.The two vehicles can be deployed up to 100m apart.
Operating frequency C-band (4-6GHz)
Range 5-300km
Maximum target elevation up to 60?
Maximum number of tracks up to 100 targets
Time from target detection to availability of target data:
- For elevations under 1.5? 12s
- For elevations over 1.5? 21s
Maximum number of the false target co-ordinates in 30min no more than 3-5
Crew 3
All-round search performance
Azimuth 360?
Elevation 0-20? (-3? if required)
Doppler speed range ?30 to ?1,200m/s
Information update rate:
- in the low zone (0-1.5?) 6s
- in the upper zone (1.5-20?) 12s
Sector search
Azimuth up to 120?
Elevation 0-60? (-3? if required)
Doppler speed range ?50 to ?2,800m/s
Time taken: sector search up to 8s
Time taken: lower sector search 5.5s
Time taken: full search cycle 13.5s
Low-altitude target search
Azimuth 360?
Elevation 0-1.5?
Doppler speed range ?30 to ?1,200m/s
Search time 6s
Deployment time from the move 5min (single-vehicle) 30min (two-vehicle)
Time needed to install antenna on the tower 120min
Activation time when in combat position no more than 3 min
Activation time when alerted no more than 40s
Continuous operating time no limits
Operating environment
Temperature ?50?C
Dust up to 2.5g/m_
Wind up to 30m/s
Resistance to being over-turned by wind up to 50m/s
Operating altitude up to 3,000m
Service life before overhaul 10 years
Operating hours before overhaul 12,000h
Total service life 20+ years
Total operating hours 25,000-30,000h--
Wysłano z serwisu OnetNiusy: http://niusy.onet.pl
pierwszy seryjny Mi 28 N - prezentacja 27 grudnia 05
http://www.edefenseonline.com/static/enlarged/enlarged_images/01_23_2...
radar NO25 ( Mi 28 N )
http://www.edefenseonline.com/static/enlarged/enlarged_images/01_23_2...
szczegoly "nosa" Mi 28 N
http://www.edefenseonline.com/static/enlarged/enlarged_images/01_23_2...
tak - nie mam pojecia co to za "wyrostek" :-)
Testowany nahelmowy sytem optyczny dla zalog Mi 28 N
http://www.edefenseonline.com/static/enlarged/enlarged_images/01_23_2...
kabina pilota zdominowana przed 2 duze wyswietlacze
http://www.edefenseonline.com/article_images/01_23_2006_OM_06.jpg
i dla znajacych angielski wklejam duzy artykul Butowskiego o Mi 28N ze
stycznia br ( nie moge go zlokalizowac pod linkiem wiec wklejam calosc bo
ciekawa - prosze o wybaczenie ze wklejam tak obszerny tekst w obcym jezyku )
http://edefenseonline.com/
The Russian Air Force's third Mi-28N combat helicopter (side number 32) made
its first flight on Dec. 27, 2005, in Rostov-on-Don in the presence of the
commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force, General Vladimir Mikhailov.
The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD), in the spring of 2005, ordered from
Rostov-based Rostvertol three Mi-28N helicopters, which will join two
prototypes in tests. Each of the next two helicopters after the one flown on
Dec. 27 will be ready in two- to three-month intervals. According to a draft
state budget for 2006 announced in Russia in mid-December 2005, the MoD will
purchase eight Mi-28N helicopters, including three ordered in spring 2005,
plus five in 2006.
According to Russian sources, the recently tested helicopter is the "first
series Mi-28N," meaning that it has been made according to improved
series-production documentation as the model for the future series
helicopters.
The first Mi-28N was an OP-1 prototype (side number 014) built in the Mil
design bureau's workshop in Moscow and flight-tested as early as on Nov. 14,
1996. The prototype "014" made only a few flights, and then the tests were
stopped while development continued on certain aspects of the aircraft,
particularly the new main transmission gear (the prototype had an old VR-28
transmission gear incapable of transmitting the full power of the engines).
Tests of the OP-1 helicopter were resumed on April 24, 2002, with the new
VR-29 main transmission gear and KhR-29 tail transmission gear. OP-1 is now
used only as a ground-based testing platform.
The second Mi-28N, designated OP-2 (original side number 02, now 024), was
made by Rostvertol based on prototype documentation. It made its maiden
flight on March 25, 2004, and in late June 2005 started stage A of state
acceptance tests.
Stage A means testing of the helicopter as a flying vehicle, whereas stage B
means testing of helicopter as a combat system, including tests of equipment
and armament. So far, OP-2 has accumulated over 100 flight hours. OP-2 has
been substantially modernized in comparison with the first prototype OP-1,
having received new main rotor blades, a new control plate and rotor head,
and improved control of its engine and fuel systems. The Mi-28N prototypes
are powered by 2,200-horsepower TV3-117VMA turboshaft engines, but the
production helicopters will receive more powerful 2,400-horsepower VK-2500
engines.
The long-standing competition between Kamov's Ka-52 and Mil's Mi-28N for
priority in the combat service of Russian Army aviation had until recently
been practically irrelevant, since the Russian MoD had no money for the
order. Finally, in 2003, General Vladimir Mikhailov announced that the
Mi-28N had been chosen and that "up to 50 such helicopters will be purchased
until 2010." The decisive factor in choosing the Mi-28N was its lower cost
of production and operation, as well as the possibility of using systems
from the Mi-28 in the modernized Mi-24 helicopter. In addition, the decision
was aided by the much better financial condition of the Rostvertol factory
compared with the Progress factory in Arsenyev, which makes the Ka-50 and
Ka-52. Strong lobbying by Mil and Rostvertol also helped.
What now holds back the Mi-28N is not money but technological problems, in
particular the immaturity of VR-29 main transmission gear. In principle,
only helicopters with transmission gear with a service life of 300 hours can
be admitted to state acceptance tests in Russia. Rivals of Mil contend that
the service life of the VR-29 transmission gear is a mere 100 hours. The
helicopter manufacturer avoids giving specific data concerning the issue but
states that "the running hours of transmission gear No. 8 now being tested
fulfill the requirements of the Ministry of Defense." The four-stage VR-29
main transmission gear weights 780 kg and is capable of transmitting 5,100
horsepower.
More problematic is the helicopter's mission systems, which have not yet
been determined. The most difficult problems concern the N025 Almaz-280
radar, developed many years ago by Moscow-based company Almaz, which
specializes in anti-aircraft systems. Almaz abandoned the development of
this radar, and work on it is now being continued by the future series
manufacturer of the radar, the GRPZ factory in Ryazan. As of the fall of
2005, prototypes of the radar were still in laboratory tests. The first
radar was scheduled to be installed to the helicopter near the end of 2005,
but it is unknown if this deadline was met (the Mi-28N "32" had no radar
antenna on the rotor mast during its maiden flight on Dec. 27).
The N025 radar's antenna will be installed inside a big spherical dome on
the top of the main rotor mast of the Mi-28N helicopter. The radar has two
frequency ranges: Ka (millimeter) and X (centimeter) bands. The X band is
used for detecting air targets at ranges of up to 20 km and for observing
meteorological phenomena up to 100 km away. The Ka band is used for mapping
the ground and for seeking surface targets at a range of up to 10 km, as
well as for detecting terrain obstacles.
The helicopter's basic fire-control system, the Tor electro-optical
targeting unit, was developed many years ago by Zveryev (Krasnogorsk,
Russia). The Tor unit is installed in the front of the fuselage inside a
flat rotating cylinder with two rectangular windows. It contains three
channels: optical, TV, and thermal imaging, each of them with wide and
narrow fields of view. Zveryev is continuing work on the Tor, but the
company is in a desperate financial condition. During the last decade, UOMZ
(Yekaterinburg, Russia) has become unquestioned leader among designers of
electro-optics in Russia. UOMZ developed the GOES family of electro-optical
turrets used in the modernized Mi-8 and Mi-24 helicopters, as well as in the
Ka-50 and Ka-52, and the designers of the Mi-28N helicopter are considering
replacing the Tor unit with a variant of the GOES unit
Another, simpler electro-optical turret ensures day-and-night piloting of
the Mi-28N. The first prototype of the Mi-28N had a Stolb unit, developed by
Moscow-based Geofizika, but this device will now be replaced by the TOES-521
unit from UOMZ. However, for the time being, the Mi-28N prototypes are
fitted with wooden mockups of the TOES-521 unit. Helmet-mounted sights and
display systems combined with electro-optical turrets are now being tested.
The Mi-28N (izdeliye 294) helicopter is equipped with the IKBO-28 (izdeliye
930) integrated equipment suite, developed by RPKB (Ramenskoye, Russia).
This is a combination of observation sensors (electro-optical turret and
radar), weapons-control system, and communications and self-protection
systems. All of the components of the suite are interconnected by means of a
data bus controlled by two Baget-53-015 computers. The IKBO-28 system
performs the following functions: piloting the helicopter at very low
altitude, including avoidance of obstacles both in manual and automatic mode
(a three-dimensional map of terrain is displayed on the screen in the pilot's
cockpit); day-and-night search; detection and indication of targets in any
weather condition; group operations with automatic acquisition of targets
for individual helicopters; and two-way exchange of target information with
other helicopters, as well as with land-based and airborne command posts.
The pilot's cockpit is equipped with two MFI-10-6M liquid-crystal displays
and an ILS-28 head-up display. The operator's cabin is also equipped with
two MFI-10-6M screens, as well as the PS-7V control console. Both members of
the crew may use the OVN-1 Skosok night-vision goggles, made by LZOS
(Lykatrino, Russia), and in the future, the crew will be equipped with
helmet-mounted sight and display.
The navigation system consists of an inertial-navigation subsystem, as well
as an A-737-011 GPS receiver, a DISS-32-28 Doppler navigation radar, an
ARK-25 radio compass, and other devices. The communications system includes
two R-999 radio sets, as well as a system for coded transmission of data to
the ground, an emergency radio set, and an internal comms system.
The helicopter's self-defense system receives its warning signals from the
L140 Otklik laser-warning unit, the 1L229 radar-warning unit, and the N025
radar. UV-26 flare dispensers are used for protection against
infrared-guided threats.
The standard anti-tank armament of the Mi-28N is the 9M120 Ataka-V (AT-9)
missile, which has a range of up to 6,000 m (for a look at the Ataka-V and
other Russian anti-tank weapons, see "Russia's Tank Stoppers, Part 2"). A
similar-range 9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15) missile is an additional weapon used
for specific missions. The Khrizantema's advantage is that it may operate at
night; its disadvantage is that it requires a podded fire-control radar to
be carried by the helicopter. The radar, which has a frequency of 100-150
GHz or a wavelength of 2-3 mm, detects and
...
wiÄ™cej »
North Korea Nuke Crisis Complicates Iraq Buildup
By David A. Fulghum and Robert Wall
Some Pentagon war planners are now looking at the first half of February as
the most likely time for an attack on Iraq, immediately after U.S.
representatives present "direct evidence" to the U.N. Security Council that
Iraq has weapons of mass destruction.
More conservative analysts, convinced of many more bureaucratic and
diplomatic delays in the offing, contend a 60-90-day window (late February
or early March) is more realistic. They also say Russian and Turkish troops
will play a key role in ensuring that Iran doesn't violate Iraq's borders if
Saddam Hussein's Baath government collapses. "They will be mustered as a
warning for Iran to stay put," a Navy official said.
However, two additional U.S. carrier battle groups and two amphibious
readiness groups are not bound for waters around Iraq, but rather for the
Korean peninsula and the Taiwan Straits, the Navy official said. "The idea
is to keep the Chinese from thinking irrational thoughts," he said.
The crisis over North Korea's plans to reactivate the Yongbyon nuclear
facility is complicating U.S. military planning. The Pentagon is not calling
up forces for Iraq that might be required in the event of a military
confrontation on the Korean peninsula, such as F-15E long-range strike
aircraft based in Alaska, noted an Air Force official. Additionally, plans
are being drafted to shore up U.S. defenses in Asia in case the Japan-based
USS Kitty Hawk is called to support military activity in Iraq. The Kitty
Hawk served as a base for special operations helicopters during the
Afghanistan campaign. The planning activities are being kept quiet to avoid
inflaming the delicate negotiations with North Korea.
However, some military officials worry about coincident action in the Middle
East and the Korean peninsula, long viewed as a nightmare scenario among
planners. A particular worry is a dearth of airlift to support forces in
Asia if there is a large buildup in the Middle East. "Airlift is always a
concern," said the Air Force official.
The triggering event for military action against Iraq is expected to be
"proof positive" of the country's possession of prohibited weapons, which
will include aerial images of weapons and the dates where they were observed
and declarations from some of the Iraqi scientists involved, said a second
senior U.S. Air Force official. He did not know if it would include evidence
of the delivery systems--long-range missiles or manned and unmanned
aircraft.
More air reservists, particularly fighter and tanker units, will be deployed
by the end of January when the U.S. reveals its evidence, the official said,
and preliminary probing of Iraq's military and national computer systems is
already underway.
The U.S. will move quickly to secure Basra and the oil fields east of there
from encroachment by Iran. Russian units will mass on Iran's northern border
as a warning against a territorial grab. Turkish armored forces already
operating along northern Iraq's border will advance with U.S. troops well
into Iraq, but also to the southeast to secure the border with Iran.
"The U.S. will then turn out the lights in Baghdad and render it useless as
a command and control center for the Hussein family," the Navy official
said. "The idea isn't to lay siege, but to isolate it through jamming and
cutting off the electricity. There will be selected strikes, for example, on
communications. There won't be any cell phone service. The operation will
make the lives of those in Baghdad difficult, but not impossible. Food,
water and fuel will be supplied, but the [blockade] will prevent Hussein
from exercising control."
Deployment orders have gone out to the 1st Wing flying F-15C interceptors,
the 4th Wing with F-15E long-range strike aircraft, the 49th Wing's stealthy
F-117s and the 28th Wing's B-1s. The latter will be stationed at Thumrait
AB, Oman; however, in combat, small numbers of the bombers would be forward
based in Kuwait to maintain a 24-hr. on-call orbit over western Iraq to
strike pop-up targets such as mobile surface-to-air or ballistic missile
launchers.
The strike aircraft also will be distributed to bases in Turkey, Qatar,
Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The government of Saudi Arabia
has announced it will permit defensive operations from its bases. That means
use of the combined air operations center at Prince Sultan AB south of
Riyadh and that coalition tanker, transport, intelligence-gathering,
surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft can fly missions from that nation.
As a backup option, E-8 Joint-STARS, RC-135 Rivet Joint and E-3 AWACS
aircraft could fly from bases in Qatar and the UAE. Also receiving
deployment orders were combat search and rescue HH-60 helicopters and
HC-130s and additional Predator unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
Those active in the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) community say the Air
Force has reported that the Predator lost in December was shot down by a
missile fired from an Iraqi fixed-wing aircraft. A senior industry official
attributed the shoot-down to a more sophisticated intercept system than
analysts believed possible. "The challenge of shooting down a 90-kt. UAV
with an aircraft that flies 3-4 times as fast is monumental," he said. "With
that little Rotax engine, there's not a lot of heat for an infrared missile
to lock on to, and it's made of composites with only a few metal boxes
inside to produce a radar signature."
AIR FORCE OFFICIALS said it was a well-planned event. The Iraqis put a
mobile radar command and control post in place, tracked the Predator and
handed off to the attacking pilot. The aircraft quickly took its shot and
fled the no-fly zone. The attack was timed to occur between coalition air
patrols. The next day the U.S. responded by attacking the mobile site they
believed was used to attack the Predator.
"But that's the way the Predator was designed," the industry official said.
"If the bad guys shoot down one, you only lose commercial technology and no
state secrets. Then you send in a second and a third." Cost of each aircraft
is about $1.5 million, even with upgrades to quiet the craft electronically
so it can carry a signals intelligence payload. A satcom data link,
synthetic aperture radar, electro-optical/infrared cameras, laser
range-finder and line-of-sight communications probably increase total cost
to around $5-6 million each.
The incident wasn't the first time the Iraqi military has attempted an
air-to-air engagement of a Predator. In a previous instance, a MiG-21
engaged a Predator but failed to hit it. In response, Air Force officials
decided to move forward quickly with the integration of 35-lb. air-to-air
Stinger heat-seeking missiles on the Predators.
The Air Force is preparing to provide its special operations helicopters
with added basing flexibility. Crews flying MH-53 Pave Low II helicopters
have been training to land their large rotorcraft on the USS Mount Whitney,
the amphibious forces command ship operating near the Horn of Africa. The
MH-53s are operating from an airfield in Djibouti.
Well before any combat, the services will cooperate in setting up an
around-the-clock intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) network
to detect movement in Iraq, particularly in the west where Scud boxes
(surveyed as sites to launch ballistic missiles against Israel) are located.
In conjunction with establishing the ISR network, information operations
against Iraq's computer networks are already underway and will escalate.
"The computer network attack plans are very sophisticated," the Air Force
official said. "The effort will resemble what Compass Call [EC-130
electronic attack aircraft] and the National Security Agency do. They listen
for a while and then apply a little jamming. Then they listen some more and
apply a little more pressure. It's the same way with computer network
attack. They hack in, put in a false command and then observe the effects.
They're making sure they can shut down all the military and some of the
national networks when they need to." Iraq's air defense network, in
particular, is reliant on computers. The U.S. has been practicing breaking
into such networks over the last two years during U.S.-based exercises.
During the 1991 Persian Gulf war, carbon-fiber wires (most of them dispensed
from air-launched BLU-114/B submunitions) were draped like spiderwebs over
some of Baghdad's key outdoor electrical grids to cut off electricity to key
mainframe computers. They also were employed to turn out the lights in
Belgrade during the Kosovo air campaign, and they will likely be used again
in Iraq to avoid creating permanent damage with high explosives. "They will
be used selectively to protect the civil infrastructure," the official said.
The carbon fiber devices have so far been delivered by ship-launched
Tomahawk cruise missiles and in dive-bombing attacks by F-117 aircraft.
U.S. intelligence officials also are detecting signs that Iraqi officials in
charge of Saddam Hussein's personal security are looking for a way to sneak
him out of the country in case the regime collapses. They hope to match
Osama Bin Laden's success in avoiding U.S. forces, according to one analyst.
Such an escape is complicated by Iraq's geography, since none of the
neighboring countries is a possible safe haven.
THE PENTAGON ALSO is quietly continuing efforts to provide U.S. troops with
more protection gear against chemical and biological weapons. It recently
ordered 16,000 additional chemical/biological mask kits, only the latest in
a string of such orders in recent months.
Headquarters of U.S. Army V Corps and the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force are
already established in the theater. The rough areas of responsibility are
the Marine Corps in eastern Iraq and the Army in southern and western Iraq.
Planners say there
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